Energy justice, geospatial conflict and dual pressure: synergy between energy and infrastructure in Ecuador's protected areas

Abstract

This research addresses the paradox of a just energy transition in Ecuador, analysing the territorial conflict between the need for energy development and conservation commitments. The study focuses on the conflict or synergy resulting from the co-location of the National System of Protected Areas (SNAP) with hydrocarbon production infrastructure and electricity generation infrastructure. Through geospatial modelling, the methodological approach defined critical conflict regions (SNAP zones under concurrent fossil and electrical tensions). The results demonstrate a duality in the Ecuadorian development matrix that translates into a violation of distributive and ecological justice. The double industrial pressure is concentrated in high-risk areas: The Amazonian Lowlands suffer the overlap of fossil extraction and thermal pressure, while the Andes bear the significant fragmentation caused by infrastructure associated with hydroelectric generation (clean energy). The study identifies a key strategic opportunity: the rights-of-way of existing linear infrastructure can be transformed from vectors of fragmentation into functional and regulated ecological bondages. We conclude that energy transition strategies must incorporate an ecological co-management framework for the restructuring of multimodal corridors, thereby ensuring a more just transition and reinforcing landscape connectivity in the face of extractive pressure.