The development of a construct in the heritage urban sustainability index
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.13135/2384-8677/6082Keywords:
index, heritage urban sustainability, exploration factor analysis, cultural heritageAbstract
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have outlined that every country in the world needs to create sustainable cities for communities by 2030. The first thing to consider is to identify sustainability indicators to be used as a guide in measuring the sustainability index. Therefore, this article aims to explore the formation of the heritage urban sustainability index construct in Malaysia using exploratory factor analysis (EFA). The respondents consisted of 100 residents in the heritage city of Kajang, Malaysia, who were selected using a simple random sampling technique. Likert scale questionnaires 1 to 5 were used to elicit feedback. The results showed that the items in each study construct achieved acceptable reliability with Cronbach’s alpha values greater than 0.70 and met the normality test requirements. Data was processed using EFA for grouping items according to appropriate constructs. The results of the study from 154 items of the questionnaire have formed five main constructs of urban heritage sustainability in Malaysia, namely (1) economic prosperity, (2) social well-being, (3) environmental well-being, (4) cultural heritage, and (5) the role of government and community. The results of this study also meet the index value requirements set by Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) and Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity. Furthermore, the formation of the five constructs of this study directly demonstrates the relationship between items according to constructs. Indirectly, these findings help research on the sustainability of heritage cities in other areas as well.
References
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Abdul Samad, H., Shaharudin, I., dan Abdul Hadi, H. S. (2004). Persekitaran bandar lestari untuk kesejahteraan komuniti. Malaysia Journal of Environmental Management, 5, 3–29.[in Malay]
Al-Hagla, K. S. (2010). Sustainable urban development in historical areas using the tourist trail approach: A case study of the Cultural Heritage and Urban Development (CHUD) project in Saida, Lebanon. Cities, 27(4), 234–248.
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Chamhuri, S., Rospidah, G., dan Sharina, A. H. (Eds.). (2014). Pembangunan lestari di Malaysia: harapan dan kenyataan. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.[in Malay]
Choon, S. W., Chamhuri, S., Pereira, J. J., Jemain, A. A., Hashim, H. S., and Hadi, A. S. (2011). A sustainable city index for Malaysia. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 18(1), 28–35.
Chua, Y. P. (2014). Kaedah dan statistik penyelidikan Buku 5: ujian regresi, analisis faktor dan analisis SEM (2nd Ed). Kuala Lumpur: McGraw-Hill (Malaysia).[in Malay]
Coccossis, H. (2008). Cultural heritage, local resources and sustainable tourism. International Journal of Services Technology and Management, 10(1), 8–14.
Fatimah, Y., Katiman, R., dan Zikri, M. (2008). Bandar Berdaya Saing vis-a-vis Pembangunan Bandar Lestari: Suatu wacana tentang pembangunan bandar di Malaysia. Geografia-Malaysian Journal of Society and Space, 4(1), 85–98.[in Malay]
Guzmán, P. C., Pereira Roders, A. R., and Colenbrander, B. J. F. (2014). Bridging the gap between urban development and cultural heritage protection. In Conference Proceedings’ Impact Assessment for Social and Economic Development, 34 Th Annual Conference of the International Association for Impact Assessment, 8–11.
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Hafez, Z., and Aloysius, Y. (2019). Surviving traditional village heritage in rapid urbanisation: The case of Kajang town. International Journal of Heritage, Art and Multimedia, 2(6), 33–40.
Hair, G., Black, B., Babin, B., Anderson, R., and Tatham, R. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson.
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Kline, R. B. (2005). Methodology in the social sciences.Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (2nd ed). Guilford Press.
Kotradyova, V. (2019). Local identity in material cultural as part of wellbeing and social sustainability. Visions for Sustainability, 11, 17–28. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.13135/2384-8677/3274
Lafond, L. J., and Heritage, Z. (2009). National networks of healthy cities in Europe. Health Promotion International, 24(1). [Online URL: //doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/dap060] accessed on February 15, 2021.
Leohlin, J. C. (1992). Latern Variable Models: an introduction to factor, path and structural analysis (2 nd). New Jersey: Hillsdale.
Leus, M., and Verhelst, W. (2018). Sustainability assessment of urban heritage sites. Buildings, 8(8), 107. [Online URL://doi.org/doi:10.3390/buildings8080107] accessed on February 15, 2021.
Meadows, D. H., Meadows, D. L., Randers, J., and Behrens III, W. W. (1972). The Limit to growth. New York: Universe Books.
Mohamad, K. A. G., Yazid, S., dan Hanifah, M. (2021). Pembinaan kerangka konstruk kelestarian bandar warisan di Malaysia. Geografia-Malaysian Journal of Society and Space, 17(1), 211–226.[in Malay]
Mohamad, M. M., Sulaiman, N. L., Sern, L. C., and Salleh, K. M. (2015). Measuring the validity and reliability of research instruments. 4th World Congress on Technical and Vocational Education and Training (WoCTVET), 5th-6th November 2014, Malaysia, 164–171. Malaysia.
O’neill, M., and Simard, P. (2006). Choosing indicators to evaluate healthy cities projects: a political task? Health Promotion International, 21(2), 145–152.
Runnalls, C. (2007). Choreographing community sustainability: The importance of cultural planning to community viability. Canada: Centre of Expertise on Culture and Communities, Simon Fraser University.
Salvatore, C. L. (Ed.). (2018). Cultural Heritage Care and Management: Theory and Practice. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.
Satterthwaite, D. (2016). A new urban agenda? Environment and Urbanisation, 28(1), 3–12.
Syed Zainol, A. I. (1992). Pemuliharaan warisan rupa bandar. Kuala Lumpur: Badan Warisan Malaysia.
Takano, T. (2003). Development of healthy cities and need for research. In T. Takano (Ed.), Healthy cities and urban policy research (pp. 1–9). London and New York: Spon Press.
Tan, S. K., Tan, S. H., Kok, Y. S., and Choon, S. W. (2018). Sense of place and sustainability of intangible cultural heritage – The case of George Town and Melaka. Tourism Management, 67, 376–387. [Online URL: //doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.02.012] accessed on February 18, 2021.
Thorosby, D. (2016). Tourism, heritage and cultural sustainability: three “golden rules.” In L. F. Girard and P. Nijkamp (Eds.), Cultural Tourism and Sustainable Local Development (1st ed., pp. 31–48). London: Routledge.
Tweed, C., and Sutherland, M. (2007). Built cultural heritage and sustainable urban development. Landscape and Urban Planning, 83(1), 62–69.
UNDP. (2019). Sustainable development gold. Retrieved from [Online URL: //www.my.undp.org/content/malaysia/en/home/sustainable-development goals/goal-11-sustainable-cities-and-communities.html] accessed on Mac 01, 2021.
UNESCO. (2017). Sustainable Development Goal. Retrieved from UNESCO website: [Online URL: //www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment] accessed on Mac 01, 2021.
UNESCO. (2019). World Heritage Convention. Retrieved from UNESCO website: [Online URL://whc.unesco.org/en/about/] accessed on Mac 12, 2021.
United Nation. (2019). Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Retrieved from United Nation website: [Online URL: //www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/] accessed on Mac 12, 2021.
United Nation Sustainable Development. (1992). Agenda 21. United Nations Conference on Environment & Development Rio de Janerio, Brazil, 3 to 14 June 1992, 1–351. Rio De Jenerio, Brazil.
Van Oers, R., and Pereira Roders, A. (2012). Historic cities as model of sustainability. Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development, 2(1), 4–14.
Wiktor-Mach, D. (2019). Cultural heritage and development: UNESCO’s new paradigm in a changing geopolitical context. Third World Quarterly, 1593–1612. [Online URL: //doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2019.1604131] accessed on February 18, 2021.
Worthington, R., and Whittaker, T. (2006). Scale development research: A content analysis and recommendations for best practices. Counseling Psychologist, 34, 806–838.
