The effect of tree harvesting rights on investment in tree growing and promotion of sustainable tree conservation practices by private land holders in Kenya

Abstract

Trees and forests on private lands and farms play a crucial role in providing ecosystem goods and services that support human well-being. To promote sustainable management of these resources, many countries are assigning tree harvesting rights to private landowners. This strategy encourages tree-growing investments and sustainable practices. However, there is limited research on its effects in developing countries. This study focused on Kenya, using a case study approach and document content analysis to examine the impact of assigning tree harvesting rights on sustainable tree growing. Results show that since 1990, tree coverage on private farms in Kenya has increased by 48.12%, reaching 10,385,000 hectares by 2010. Farm forests are key to timber production, especially in Central Kenya, where up to 155 tree species are grown. These forests provide products like firewood and timber, but unsustainable practices such as low tree replacement and high tree densities pose challenges. Small-holder farmers are driven by high population density and market demand but face obstacles such as low tree prices and inadequate management techniques. Despite these challenges, farm forests have been essential, particularly during the Sawlog harvesting ban (2002-2012), and are expected to remain central to Kenya's forestry sector. While assigning tree-growing rights has had positive impacts, including ecological and economic benefits, it has also led to negative sustainability outcomes. Therefore, developing a stable legal framework, improving market access, and offering financial incentives are crucial for supporting sustainable forestry on private lands.