Electrophysiological correlates of different relaxation states induced by hypnosis
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Abstract
Objective. The following study has been focused on the evaluation of the variation of the electrophysiological signals (qEEG) in different relaxation states induced by hypnosis. In particular: 1) states where relaxation has been induced by traditional hypnosis techniques (TT); 2) states where relaxation has been induced by rapid hypnosis techniques (TR).
Materials and methods. All participants voluntary participated to the study and has been recruited with specific anagraphic and health criteria, without any past history of psychiatric or neurologic illness. The study has been conducted in the Carlo Molo Foundation (Turin, Italy) where participants has been divided randomly in two groups (TT and TR groups). In both groups, before and after the hypnosis induction, EEG activity in four frequency bands (alfa, beta, theta, delta) has been recorded and analysed.
Results. The data showed, in the TR group, where deep relaxation has been induced by rapid hypnosis techniques, a significant increase of the delta rhythm while no significant changes has been observed in the TT group, where deep relaxation has been induced by traditional hypnosis techniques.
Discussion. Results of this study show how rapid hypnosis techniques modify awareness faster and deeper than traditional techniques, as highlighted by the significant increase of the delta rhythm only in the TR group.
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Debenedetti, M., Vighetti, S., Perozzo, P., Nobile, E., Molo, M. T., & Cantafio, P. (2019). Electrophysiological correlates of different relaxation states induced by hypnosis. Journal of Biomedical Practitioners, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.13135/2532-7925/4100
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https://doi.org/10.1080/00207140701338654
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https://doi.org/10.1080/00207144.2011.594749
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https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.20.3.368
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[21] Holden, A. «The Art of Suggestion: The Use of Hypnosis in Dentistry». British Dental Journal 212, n. 11 (8 giugno 2012): 549–51.
https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.2012.467
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http://www.raffaellocortina.it/scheda-libro/giannantonio-michele-lenzi-silvio/il-disturbo-di-panico-9788860302328-1028.html
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https://www.libreriacortinamilano.it/scheda-libro/milton-h-erickson-ernest-l-rossi/ipnoterapia-9788834007204-21957.html
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https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-8760(93)90074-y
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https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-5597(85)90024-3
[26] Omer, Haim, Dov Friedlander, e Zvi Palti. «Hypnotic relaxation in the treatment of premature labor». Psy-chosomatic Medicine 48, n. 5 (1986): 351–61.
https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-198605000-00005
[27] Ph.D, Melvin A. Gravitz. «Early American Mesmeric Societies: A Historical Study». American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis 37, n. 1 (1 luglio 1994): 41–48.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00029157.1994.10403108
[28] Richardson, A. C. «Hypnodontics: The Development and Scope of Dental Hypnosis». Dental Student 58, n. 7 (aprile 1980): 45–51.
[29] Spiegel, David. «Tranceformations: Hypnosis in Brain and Body». Depression and Anxiety 30, n. 4 (aprile 2013): 342–52.
https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22046
https://doi.org/10.15406/jpcpy.2016.06.00378
[2] Abbasi, Marzieh, Fery Ghazi, Ann Barlow-Harrison, Mehrdad Sheikhvatan, e Fatemeh Mohammadyari. «The Effect of Hypnosis on Pain Relief during Labor and Childbirth in Iranian Pregnant Women». The International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 57, n. 2 (aprile 2009): 174–83.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00207140802665435
[3] ABPH, Gary Elkins, PhD, ABPP. Handbook of Medical and Psychological Hypnosis: Foundations, Applications, and Professional Issues. Springer Publishing Company, 2016.
[4] « Bibliographie des Modernen Hypnotismus; von Max Dessoir. Berlin, 1888 » Journal of Mental Science 34, n. 148 (gennaio 1889): 577–78.
https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.34.148.577
[5] Brown, Donald Corey, e D. Corydon Hammond. «Evidence-Based Clinical Hypnosis for Obstetrics, Labor and Delivery, and Preterm Labor». The International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 55, n. 3 (luglio 2007): 355–71.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00207140701338654
[6] Casiglia, Edoardo. «Trattato d’ipnosi». CLEUP sc - Cooperativa Libraria Editrice Università di Padova. Con-sultato 21 novembre 2019.
https://www.cleup.it/product/13021009/trattato-d-ipnosi
[7] Crawford, H. J., J. C. Corby, e B. S. Kopell. «Auditory Event-Related Potentials While Ignoring Tone Stim-uli: Attentional Differences Reflected in Stimulus Intensity and Latency Responses in Low and Highly Hypno-tizable Persons». The International Journal of Neuroscience 85, n. 1–2 (marzo 1996): 57–69.
https://doi.org/10.3109/00207459608986351
[8] De Pascalis, Vilfredo, Immacolata Cacace, e Francesca Massicolle. «Focused Analgesia in Waking and Hyp-nosis: Effects on Pain, Memory, and Somatosensory Event-Related Potentials». Pain 134, n. 1–2 (gennaio 2008): 197–208.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2007.09.005
[9] De Pascalis, Vilfredo, Vincenzo Varriale, e Immacolata Cacace. «Pain Modulation in Waking and Hypnosis in Women: Event-Related Potentials and Sources of Cortical Activity». PloS One 10, n. 6 (2015): e0128474.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0128474
[10] Delmonte, M. M. «The use of hypnotic regression with panic disorder: A case report». Australian Journal of Clinical Hypnotherapy and Hypnosis 16, n. 2 (1995): 69–73.
[11] Eitner, Stephan, Biljana Sokol, Manfred Wichmann, Julia Bauer, e David Engels. «Clinical Use of a Novel Audio Pillow with Recorded Hypnotherapy Instructions and Music for Anxiolysis during Dental Implant Sur-gery: A Prospective Study». The International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 59, n. 2 (aprile 2011): 180–97.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00207144.2011.546196
[12] Erickson, Milton H., e J. Haley. Le nuove vie dell’ipnosi. Induzione della trance. Ricerca sperimentale. Tecniche di psicoterapia. Roma: Astrolabio Ubaldini, 1978.
[13] Erickson, Milton H., e S. Rosen. La mia voce ti accompagnerà. I racconti didattici. Roma: Astrolabio Ubal-dini, 1983.
[14] Facco, Enrico, Edoardo Casiglia, Serena Masiero, Valery Tikhonoff, Margherita Giacomello, e Gastone Zanet-te. «Effects of Hypnotic Focused Analgesia on Dental Pain Threshold». The International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 59, n. 4 (dicembre 2011): 454–68.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00207144.2011.594749
[15] Facco, Enrico, Mario Ermani, Patrizia Rampazzo, Valérie Tikhonoff, Marina Saladini, Gastone Zanette, Edoardo Casiglia, e David Spiegel. «Top-Down Regulation of Left Temporal Cortex by Hypnotic Amusia for Rhythm: A Pilot Study on Mismatch Negativity». International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 62, n. 2 (3 aprile 2014): 129–44.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00207144.2014.869124
[16] Goldie, W. D., K. H. Chiappa, R. R. Young, e E. B. Brooks. «Brainstem Auditory and Short-Latency Soma-tosensory Evoked Responses in Brain Death». Neurology 31, n. 3 (marzo 1981): 248–56.
https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.31.3.248
[17] Gravitz, M. A. «Specialized Journals in Hypnosis: Further Listings». The American Journal of Clinical Hyp-nosis 39, n. 1 (luglio 1996): 18–20.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00029157.1996.10403361
[18] Grindstaff, Jason S., e Leslee A. Fisher. «Sport Psychology Consultants’ Experience of Using Hypnosis in Their Practice: An Exploratory Investigation». The Sport Psychologist 20, n. 3 (1 settembre 2006): 368–86.
https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.20.3.368
[19] Hartman, David. «Hypnosis & Hypnotherapy Citations». Journal of Heart Centered Therapies, 22 mar-zo 2010.
https://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A229529912/AONE?sid=lms
[20] Hashimoto, I., Y. Ishiyama, T. Yoshimoto, e S. Nemoto. «Brain-Stem Auditory-Evoked Potentials Recorded Directly from Human Brain-Stem and Thalamus». Brain: A Journal of Neurology 104, n. Pt 4 (dicembre 1981): 841–59.
https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/104.4.841
[21] Holden, A. «The Art of Suggestion: The Use of Hypnosis in Dentistry». British Dental Journal 212, n. 11 (8 giugno 2012): 549–51.
https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.2012.467
[22] Il disturbo di panico - Michele Giannantonio, Silvio Lenzi - Raffaello Cortina Editore - Libro Raffaello Corti-na Editore. Consultato 21 novembre 2019.
http://www.raffaellocortina.it/scheda-libro/giannantonio-michele-lenzi-silvio/il-disturbo-di-panico-9788860302328-1028.html
[23] IPNOTERAPIA - ERICKSON M.H. - Astrolabio - Psicologia: Libreria Cortina Milano. Consultato 21 novembre 2019.
https://www.libreriacortinamilano.it/scheda-libro/milton-h-erickson-ernest-l-rossi/ipnoterapia-9788834007204-21957.html
[24] Jutai, J., J. Gruzelier, J. Golds, e M. Thomas. «Bilateral Auditory-Evoked Potentials in Conditions of Hyp-nosis and Focused Attention». International Journal of Psychophysiology: Official Journal of the Interna-tional Organization of Psychophysiology 15, n. 2 (settembre 1993): 167–76.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-8760(93)90074-y
[25] Krumholz, A., J. K. Felix, P. J. Goldstein, e E. McKenzie. «Maturation of the Brain-Stem Auditory Evoked Potential in Premature Infants». Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 62, n. 2 (marzo 1985): 124–34.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-5597(85)90024-3
[26] Omer, Haim, Dov Friedlander, e Zvi Palti. «Hypnotic relaxation in the treatment of premature labor». Psy-chosomatic Medicine 48, n. 5 (1986): 351–61.
https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-198605000-00005
[27] Ph.D, Melvin A. Gravitz. «Early American Mesmeric Societies: A Historical Study». American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis 37, n. 1 (1 luglio 1994): 41–48.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00029157.1994.10403108
[28] Richardson, A. C. «Hypnodontics: The Development and Scope of Dental Hypnosis». Dental Student 58, n. 7 (aprile 1980): 45–51.
[29] Spiegel, David. «Tranceformations: Hypnosis in Brain and Body». Depression and Anxiety 30, n. 4 (aprile 2013): 342–52.
https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22046