A Path Through Landscapes of Waste
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.13135/2384-8987/871Keywords:
Post-colonial Literature, Ecocriticism, African writers, Alex La Guma, A Walk in the Night, Ayi Kwei Armah, The Beautyful Ones Are not yet BornAbstract
This contribution suggests a parallel analysis of the debut works of two post-colonial African writers, A.K. Armah and A. La Guma, inscribed within the recent trend labelled 'literature of waste'. Scrutinised through ecocritical and sociological theories, their works stand out for the striking way in which they provide a unique reading of the Sub-Saharan continent as remnant of neocolonialist processes that have been relegating it, both metaphorically and concretely, to a waste bin for the throwaway economies of the developed countries.
Settings buried in garbage reveal themselves not only as metaphorical devices, but as literary pretexts able to open up a window on existing African nightmarish landscapes. Among them the Agbogbloshie electronic-waste dumping ground in Ghana, a receptacle of 'next-generation' rubbish originated at the heart of industrialised nations and illegally shipped to the other end of the world, where waste joins wasted humanity.
References
Armah, Ayi Kwei (1968), The Beatyful Ones Are not yet Born, Oxford, Heinemann.
La Guma, Alex (1968), “A Walk in the Night” in A Walk in the Night And Other Stories, London, Heinemann, pp. 1-96.
Abrahams, Cecil (1985), Alex La Guma, Boston, Twayne Publishers.
Agho, Jude (Dec 2003), "Scatology, Form and Meaning in the Novels of
Alex La Guma and Biyi Bandele-Thomas", Neohelicon 30:2, pp. 196-208.
Bauman, Zygmunt (2004), Wasted Lives, Modernity and Its Outcasts, Cambridge, Polity Press.
Bauman, Zygmunt (2005), Liquid Life, Oxford, Polity Press.
Bhabha, Homi (1994), "Of Mimicry and Man", in The Location of Culture, London, Routledge, pp. 85-92.
Bhabha, Homi (1994), “The commitment to theory”, in The Location of Culture, London, Routledge, pp. 19-39.
Brantlinger, Patrick (1988), Rule of Darkness: British Literature and Imperialism, 1830-1914, Ithaca - New York, Cornell UP.
Deandrea, Pietro (2001), Fertile Crossings: Metamorphoses of Genre in Anglophone West African Literature, Amsterdam, Rodopi.
Deitering, Cynthia (1996), "The Postnatural Novel, Toxic Consciousness in Fiction of the 1980s", in Cheryll Glotfelty and Harold Fromm (eds.),
The Ecocriticism Reader: Landmarks in Literary Ecology, Athens, London, The University of Georgia Press, pp. 196-203.
Dide, Maurice, Guiraud, Paul (1922), Psychiatrie du médecin praticien , Paris, Masson.
Fanon, Frantz (1967), Black Skin, White Masks, translated by Charles Lam Markmann, New York, Grove Press Inc. Originally published as Peau noire, masques blancs, Paris, Les Editions du Seuil, 1952.
Fanon, Frantz (1974), The Wretched of the Earth, translated by Constance Farrington, Harmondsworth, Penguin. Originally published as Les damnés de la terre, Paris, F. Maspéro, 1961.
Fraser, Robert (1980),The Novels of Ayi Kwei Armah: A Study in Polemical Fiction, London, Heinemann.
Gocking, Roger (2005), The History of Ghana, Westport, Connecticut, Greenwood Press.
Glotfelty, Cheryll and Fromm, Harold (eds.) (1996), The Ecocriticism Reader: Landmarks in Literary Ecology, Athens, London, The University of Georgia Press.
La Guma, Alex (1991), “The Real Picture, Interview with Cecil Abrahams” in C.A. Abrahams (ed.), Memories of Home: The Writings of Alex La Guma, Trenton, Africa World Press, pp. 15-32.
Lincoln, Sarah (2012), Aesthetic Economies of Waste in Postcolonial Africa, Ann Arbor – Michigan, ProQuest - UMI Dissertation Publishing.
Lindfors, Bernth (1968), "Robin Hood Realism in South African English Fiction," Africa Today 15:4 pp. 16-18.
Makotsi, Jimmy (1985), Notes on Alex La Guma's A Walk in The Night, Nairobi, Heinemann.
Mbembe, Achille (1992), “The Banality of Power and the Aesthetics of Vulgarity in the Postcolony”, Public Culture, 4:2 (1992), pp. 1-30.
Newell, Stephanie (2006), West African Literatures: Ways of Reading, New York, Oxford UP.
wa Thiong'o, Ngũgĩ (1986), Decolonising the Mind: The Politics of Language in African Literature, London, J. Currey.
Pellow, David Naguib (2007), Resisting Global Toxics: Transnational Movements for Environmental Justice, Boston, MIT Press.
Rueckert, William (1996), "Literature and Ecology, an Experiment in Ecocriticism", in Cheryll Glotfelty and Harold Fromm (eds.), The Ecocriticism Reader: Landmarks in Literary Ecology, Athens, London, The University of Georgia Press, pp. 105-123.
Sartre, Jean Paul (1964-1965), “Black Orpheus”, translated by John MacCombie, The Massachusetts Review, 6:1, pp. 13-52. Originally published as Orphée noir, Paris, Presses Universitaires de France, 1948.
Said, Edward (2003), Orientalism, London, Penguin Books. (1978).
Shabu, Rachel (2002), “The E-Wasteland”, Guardian Weekend, pp. 36-39.
Suleri, Sara (2005), The Rhetoric of English India, New Delhi, Penguin Books India.
Wacquant, Loïc (2002), “From Slavery to Mass Incarceration”, in New Left Review 13, pp. 2-22.
Wacquant, Loïc (2012), “Deadly Symbiosis, when Ghetto and Prison Meet and Mesh”, in Punishment and Society, 3:1, pp. 95-134.
Wright, Derek (1989), Ayi Kwei Armah's Africa: The Sources of His Fiction, London, Hans Zell.
Access my Library Website: Joshua D. Esty, “Excremental Postcolonialism”, Contemporary Literature 40:1 (1999), pp. 22-59. Retrievable at:
http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-54208480/excremental-postcolonialism.htm 18/02/2015.
Andrew Mc Connell's Website: Andrew Mc Connell, Rubbish Dump 2.0. Retrievable at: http://www.andrewmcconnell.com/?cat=9 18/02/2015.
Estudios Interdisciplinarios de America Latina y el Caribe's Website: Robert Stam, “Hybridity and the Aesthetics of Garbage: the Case of Brazilian Cinema”, Estudios interdisciplinarios de America Latina y el Caribe, 9:1 (1998). Retrievable at: http://www.tau.ac.il/eial/IX_1/stam.html 18/02/2015.
Discard Studies' Website: http://discardstudies.wordpress.com/ 18/02/2015.
Bakyt Muratbayeva, “Zongo and the community of work and life in Accra, Ghana”.
Retrievable at: http://www.uni-bielefeld.de/tdrc/ag_sozanth/downloads/Zongo%20and%20the%20community%20of%20work%20and%20life%20in%20Accra,%20Ghana 18/02/2015.
Pennsylvania State University's Website: Darrell Fuhriman, Dangerous Donations: Discarded Electronics in Accra, Ghana, 2008. Retrievable at:
https://etda.libraries.psu.edu/paper/8336/3673 15/05/2013.
Pieter Hugo's Website: Peter Hugo, Permanent Error. Retrievable at: http://www.pieterhugo.com/permanent-error/ 18/02/2015.
Silicon Valley Toxics Coalitions' Website: Lauren Ornelas, “Interview with Mike Anane”. Retrievable at http://svtc.org/uncategorized/mike-anane-interview/ 18/02/2015.
The Basel Action Network's Website: BAN and Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition SVTC, “Exporting Harm, The High-Tech Trashing of Asia”, 2002. Retrievable at:
http://ban.org/E-waste/technotrashfinalprint.pdf 18/02/2015.
The Independent's Website: “Congo's Tragedy: The War the World Forgot”, The Independent, 5th May 2006. Retrievable at:
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/congos-tragedy-the-war-the-world-forgot-476929.html 18/02/2015.
United Nations Environment Programme's Website: UNEP, “Urgent Need to Prepare Developing Countries for Surge in E-Wastes”, 2010. Retrievable at: http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp/DocumentID=612&ArticleID=6471&l=en&t=long
/02/2015.
Benson, Eugene, Conolly, Leonard (eds.) (1994), Encyclopedia of Post-colonial Literatures in English, New York, Routledge, 1994.
Gikandi, Simon (2004), Encyclopedia of African Literature, London, Routledge, 2004.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
RiCognizioni is published under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
With the licence CC-BY, authors retain the copyright, allowing anyone to download, reuse, re-print, modify, distribute and/or copy their contribution. The work must be properly attributed to its author.
It is not necessary to ask further permissions both to author or journal board.