Verbalising ahiṃsā: Jain scriptural perspectives on the ethics of speech

Abstract

This contribution aims to examine the ethical and spiritual dimensions of speech within Jainism, highlighting its role as a fundamental expression of non-violence (ahiṃsā). Positioned between thought and action, speech functions as a bridge connecting inner intentions and external behaviour.

In the Jain context, verbal non-violence (vācika-ahiṃsā) extends beyond the simple avoidance of harmful words. It is indeed a refined practice grounded in truthfulness and compassion. Drawing on some of the key texts from both the Śvetāmbara and Digambara traditions, this paper traces the centrality of right speech (samyak-vāc) in influencing both ascetic and lay conduct.

This article seeks to explore scriptural guidelines governing the use of language—emphasising clarity, gentleness, restraint, and the avoidance of speech that, while factually accurate, may nonetheless cause harm. It also considers the epistemic implications of anekāntavāda (the doctrine of ‘non-one-sidedness ’), which cautions against absolute claims to truth.

Finally, the present paper attempts to shed light on how, in Jain dharma, truth is not an absolute value but is subordinated to the higher principle of ahiṃsā. While ascetics may cultivate silence as the highest form of restraint, householders are called to employ speech that reflects ethical intention, spiritual awareness, and self-discipline. This nuanced understanding of speech, as both a karmic agent and a moral expression, underscores its significance on the Jain path toward liberation and offers a valuable lens for a broader ethical reflection.