The concept of "insight" according to Lonergan: epistemological aspects and critical or problematic aspects
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.13135/2704-8195/3802Keywords:
Aquinas, consciousness, immortality, insight, LonerganAbstract
The paper focuses on the concept of insight, on its epistemological implications and the related problematic issues. It outlines the intentional dynamism of consciousness according to the thought of the philosopher Bernard Lonergan. It explores some misunderstandings of the concept of insight: insight as seeing, as thinking, as intuition, as information processing. It considers the connected issue of the origin of the mental. It explains the meaning of insight according to Lonergan, and examines the thought of Thomas Aquinas on the cognitive process as its background. Finally, it reflects on the consequences of the correct, according to Lonergan, interpretation of the concept of insight: its consequences at scientific level, concerning the interpretation of registered neural correlates both of mental events and of voluntary movements; at philosophical level, concerning the transcendental base which is offered by the intentional dynamism of consciousness; at theological level, concerning the relation between immortality and resurrection.
Downloads
References
Agostino d’Ippona, Soliloquia, I, 6, 12 (PL 32, 875).
Aristotele, De interpretatione, 17a 25-26.
Aristotele, De anima, I, 1, 403a 3-15.
L. Asma, There Is No Free Won’t. The Role Definitions Play, in “Journal of Consciousness Studies”, XXIV (2017), nn. 5-6, pp. 8-23.
M. Benasayag, Il cervello aumentato. L’uomo diminuito (2015), tr. it. a cura di R. Mazzeo, Trento, Erickson, 2016.
N. Block, On a Confusion About a Function of Consciousness, in “Behavioral and Brain Sciences”, XVIII (1995), n. 2, pp. 227-287.
N. Bostrom, Superintelligence. Paths, Dangers, Strategies, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2014.
Caring About Meaning: Patterns in the Life of Bernard Lonergan, a cura di P. Lambert, C. Tansey e C. Going, Montreal, Thomas More Institute, 1982.
E. Castellani, Fisica e libertà. Quello che la fisica può o non può dirci riguardo alla questione del libero arbitrio, in “Le Scienze”, marzo 2017, n. 583.
M. Catanzaro, Verso la supremazia quantistica, in “Le Scienze”, giugno 2017, n. 586.
A. Cerasa, Expert brain. Come la passione del lavoro modella il nostro cervello, Milano, FrancoAngeli, 2017.
D. Chalmers, Facing Up the Problem of Consciousness, in “Journal of Consciousness Studies”, II (1995), n. 3, pp. 200-219.
S. Chillemi, C. Taddei Ferretti, Landing Reaction of Musca domestica. VI. Neurones Responding to Stimuli That Elicit the Landing Reaction in the Fly, in “Journal of Experimental Biology”, 1981, vol. 94, pp. 105-118.
F. Copleston, A History of Philosophy, vol. 2, Augustine to Scotus, New York, Image Books, 1962, pp. 523-614.
R. Cordeschi, G. Tamburrini, G. Trautteur, The Notion of Loop in the Study of Consciousness, in Neuronal Bases and Psychological Aspects of Consciousness, a cura di C. Taddei Ferretti e C. Musio, Singapore, World Scientific Publishing, 1999, pp. 524-540.
F. E. Crowe, Rethinking Eternal Life: Philosophical Notions from Lonergan, in “Science et Esprit”, XLV (1993), n. 1, pp. 25-39.
F. E. Crowe, Bernard J. F. Lonergan. Progresso e tappe del suo pensiero (1992), tr. it. di G. Bonetti, revisione di L. Armando e N. Spaccapelo, a cura di N. Spaccapelo e S. Muratore, Roma, Città Nuova, 1995.
J. D’Alessandro, “Salvo i miei passeggeri o i pedoni?”. Un codice etico per i robot al volante, in “La Repubblica”, 15 luglio 2017.
D. Davidson, Eventi mentali (1970), in Idem, Azioni ed eventi, tr. it. di R. Brigati, Bologna, il Mulino, 1992, pp. 285-307.
L. Deecke, There Are Conscious and Unconscious Agendas in the Brain and Both Are Important: Our Will Can Be Conscious as Well as Unconscious, in “Brain Sciences”, II (2012), n. 3, pp. 405-420, doi:10.3390/brainsci2030405.
L. Deecke, Experiments Into Readiness for Action: 50th Anniversary of the Bereitschaftspotential, relazione tenuta all’International Congress of Clinical Neurophysiology (ICCN2014) a Berlino, il 3 marzo 2014, rielaborata in “World Neurology. The Official Newsletter of the World Federation of Neurology”, XXIX (2014), n. 3.
S. Dehaene, H. Lau, S. Koulder, What Is Consciousness, and Could Machines Have It?, in “Science”, CCCLVIII (2017), n. 6362, pp. 486-492.
M. Di Francesco, La coscienza, Roma-Bari, Laterza, 2000.
R. M. Doran, Psychic Conversion, in “The Thomist. A Speculative Quarterly Review”, XLI (1977), n. 2, pp. 200-236.
R. M. Doran, Subject and Psyche, Milwaukee, Marquette University Press, 1994.
R. M. Doran, Theological Foundations, vol. 1, Intentionality and Psyche, Milwaukee, Marquette University Press, 1995.
R. M. Doran, Theological Foundations, vol. 2, Theology and Culture, Milwaukee, Marquette University Press, 1995.
R. M. Doran, Theology and the Dialectics of History, Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 2001.
R. M. Doran, Reception and Elemental Meaning. An Expansion of the Notion of Psychic Conversion, in “Toronto Journal of Theology”, XX (2004), n. 2, pp. 133-157.
R. M. Doran, What Is Systematic Theology?, Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 2005.
R. M. Doran, Psychic Conversion and Theological Foundations, Milwaukee, Marquette University Press, 2006.
G. Duns Scoto, Metaphysica, II, q. 1, n. 2.
R. Finamore, Quale realismo critico? Interrogativi e considerazioni per il metodo empirico generalizzato, in Realismo e metodo. La riflessione epistemologica di Bernard Lonergan, a cura di R. Finamore, Roma, Gregorian & Biblical Press, 2014, pp. 15-70.
É. Gilson, Introduzione allo studio di sant’Agostino (1969), tr. it. di V. Venanzi Ventisette, revisione di G. Cestari, Casale Monferrato, Marietti, 1983.
É. Gilson, Il tomismo. Introduzione alla filosofia di san Tommaso d’Aquino (1922), tr. it. di F. Marabelli, Milano, Jaca Book, 2011.
P. Goff, Experiences Don’t Sum, in “Journal of Consciousness Studies”, XIII (2006), nn. 10-11, pp. 53-61.
P. Goff, W. Seager, S. Allen-Hermanson, Panpsychism, in The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, a cura di E. N. Zalta, Stan-ford, The Metaphysics Research Lab of the Center for the Study of Language and Information at Stanford University, Winter 2017 Edition, disponibile su http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2017/entries/panpsychism/ (consultato il 13 marzo 2018).
B. K. Hölzel, J. Carmody, M. Vangel, C. Congleton, S. M. Yerramsetti, T. Gard, S. W. Lazar, Mindfulness Practice Leads to Increases in Regional Brain Gray Matter Density, in “Psychiatry Research”, CXCI (2011), n. 1, pp. 36-43.
W. James, The Principles of Psychology (1890), 2 voll., New York, Dover Publications, 1950.
G. Kampis, Self-Modifying Systems in Biology and Cognitive Science. A New Framework for Dynamics, Information and Complexity, Oxford-New York, Pergamon Press, 1991.
J. A. S. Kelso, Dynamic Patterns. The Self-Organization of Brain and Behavior, Cambridge (MA), MIT Press, 1997.
A. Kenny, Aquinas on Mind, London-New York, Routledge, 1993.
S. Leuenberger, Supervenience in Metaphysics, in “Philosophy Compass”, III (2008), n. 4, pp. 749-762.
P. Lewtas, What It Is Like to Be a Quark, in “Journal of Consciousness Studies”, XX (2013), nn. 9-10, pp. 39-64.
B. Libet, E. W. Wright, C. A. Gleason, Readiness Potentials Preceding Unrestricted ‘Spontaneous’ vs. Pre-Planned Voluntary Act, in “Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology”, LIV (1982), n. 3, pp. 322-325.
B. Libet, C. A. Gleason, E. W. Wright, D. K. Pearl, Time of Conscious Intention to Act in Relation to Onset of Cerebral Activities (Readiness-Potential). The Unconscious Initiation of a Freely Voluntary Act, in “Brain”, CVI (1983), n. 3, pp. 623-642.
B. Libet, E. W. Wright, C. A. Gleason, Preparation- or Intention-to-Act, in Relation to Pre-Event Potentials Recorded at the Vertex, in “Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology”, LVI (1983), n. 4, pp. 367-372.
B. Libet, Unconscious Cerebral Initiative and the Role of Conscious Will in Voluntary Action, in “Behavioral and Brain Sciences”, VIII (1985), n. 4, pp. 529-539.
B. Libet, The Neural Time – Factor in Perception, Volition and Free Will, in “Revue de Métaphysique et de Morale”, XCVII (1992), n. 2, pp. 255-272.
B. Libet, Unconscious Cerebral Initiative and the Role of Conscious Will in Voluntary Action, in Downward Processes in the Perception Representation Mechanisms, a cura di C. Taddei Ferretti e C. Musio, Singapore, World Scientific Publishing, 1998, pp. 449-462.
B. Libet, Do We Have Free Will?, in “Journal of Consciousness Studies”, VI (1999), nn. 8-9, pp. 47-57.
B. Libet, Consciousness, Free Action and the Brain, in “Journal of Consciousness Studies”, VIII (2001), n. 8, pp. 59-65.
B. J. F. Lonergan, Insight: Preface to a Discussion (1958), in Idem, Collected Works, vol. 4, Collection, a cura di F. E. Crowe e R. M. Doran, Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1993, pp. 142-152.
B. J. F. Lonergan, Method in Theology, New York, Herder and Herder / London, Darton, Longman & Todd, 1972; tr. it. di G. B. Sala, Il metodo in teologia, a cura di N. Spaccapelo e S. Muratore, Roma, Città Nuova, 2001.
B. J. F. Lonergan, Conoscenza e interiorità. Il Verbum nel pensiero di S. Tommaso (1946, 1947 e 1949), tr. it. di N. Spaccapelo, a cura di N. Spaccapelo e S. Muratore, Roma, Città Nuova, 2004.
B. J. F. Lonergan, Reality, Myth, Symbol (presentazione or. 1978), in Idem, Collected Works, vol. 17, Philosophical and Theological Papers 1965-1980, a cura di R. C. Croken e R. M. Doran, Toronto, The University of Toronto Press, 2004, pp. 384-390.
B. J. F. Lonergan, Philosophy and the Religious Phenomenon (presentazione or. 1977), in Idem, Collected Works, vol. 17, Philosophical and Theological Papers 1965-1980, a cura di R. C. Croken e R. M. Doran, Toronto, The University of Toronto Press, 2004, pp. 391-408.
B. J. F. Lonergan, Insight. Uno studio del comprendere umano (1957), tr. it. a cura di S. Muratore e N. Spaccapelo, Roma, Città Nuova, 2007.
B. J. F. Lonergan, Insight Revisited (presentazione or. 1973; ed. or. 1974), in Idem, Collected Works, vol. 13, A Second Collection, a cura di R. M. Doran e J. D. Dadosky, Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 2016, pp. 221-233.
B. J. F. Lonergan, Mission and the Spirit (1976), in Idem, Collected Works, vol. 16, A Third Collection, a cura di R. M. Doran e J. D. Dadosky, Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 2017, pp. 21-33.
N. Mathews, A. L. Christensen, R. O’Grady, F. Mondada, M. Dorigo, Mergeable Nervous Systems for Robots, in “Nature Communications”, VIII (2017), articolo n. 439, doi:10.1038/s41467-017-00109-2.
B. P. McLaughlin, The Rise and Fall of British Emergentism, in Emergence or Reduction? Essays on the Prospects of Nonreductive Physicalism, a cura di A. Beckermann, H. Flohr e J. Kim, Berlin-New York, Walter de Gruyter, 1992, pp. 49-93.
C. Miggiano di Scipio, Reminiscences and Impressions about the First Italian Translation of Insight of Bernard Lonergan, in Going Beyond Essentialism: Bernard J. F. Lonergan, an Atypical Neo-Scholastic, a cura di C. Taddei Ferretti, Napoli, Istituto Italiano per gli Studi Filosofici, 2012, pp. 285-293.
S. Muratore, “Intelligentia et esse”. La dottrina tomista del conoscere, in Una hostia. Studi in onore del Cardinale Corrado Ursi, a cura di S. Muratore e A. Rolla, Napoli, D’Auria, 1983, pp. 545-632.
S. Muratore, La crisi della neoscolastica, in Teologia e filosofia. Alla ricerca di un nuovo rapporto. In dialogo con Giovanni Ferretti, a cura di S. Muratore, Roma, Editrice AVE, 1990, pp. 135-167.
S. Muratore, Dalla ricerca delle origini alla questione del Principio: Tommaso d’Aquino, in Associazione Teologica Italiana, La creazione. Oltre l’antropocentrismo?, a cura di P. Giannoni, Padova, Edizioni Messaggero, 1993, pp. 239-270.
S. Muratore, Filosofia dell’essere, Cinisello Balsamo (MI), San Paolo, 2006.
S. Muratore, Prefazione dei curatori, in b. J. F. Lonergan, Insight, Uno studio del comprendere umano (1957), tr. it. a cura di S. Muratore e N. Spaccapelo, Roma, Città Nuova, 2007, pp. XXI-XXXI.
S. Muratore, L’attività cognitiva secondo Bernard Lonergan, in Scienza cognitiva. Un approccio interdisciplinare, a cura di C. Taddei Ferretti, Trapani, Il Pozzo di Giacobbe, 2011, pp. 13-21.
T. Nagel, What Is It Like to Be a Bat?, in “The Philosophical Review”, LXXXIII (1974), n. 4, pp. 435-450.
B. R. Newell, D. R. Shank, Unconscious Influences on Decision Making. A Critical Review, in “Behavioral and Brain Sciences”, XXXVII (2014), n. 1, pp. 1-61.
J. H. Newman, Grammatica dell’assenso (1870), tr. it. di L. Erbifori e B. Gallo, Milano / Brescia, Jaca Book / Morcelliana, 1980.
New Scientist Instant Expert, Machines that Think, a cura di D. Heaven, London, John Murray Learning, 2017.
B. Russell, The Analysis of Matter, London, George Allen & Unwin, 1927.
G. B. Sala, Da Tommaso d’Aquino a Lonergan: continuità e novità, in “Rassegna di Teologia”, XXXVI (1965), n. 4, pp. 407-425.
G. B. Sala, La trascendenza come dimensione della co-scienza umana in B. Lonergan, in “Giornale di Metafisica”, XXVII (1972), pp. 481-527.
H. P. Stapp, Mindful Universe. Quantum Mechanics and the Participating Observer, Heidelberg, Springer, 2011.
G. Strawson, Realistic Materialism: Why Physicalism Entails Panpsychism, in “Journal of Consciousness Studies”, XIII (2006), nn. 10-11, pp. 3-31.
C. Taddei Ferretti, S. Chillemi, A. Cotugno, Landing Reaction of Musca domestica. Neural Correlates of the Landing Reaction, in “Naturwissenschaften”, LXVII (1980), n. 2.
C. Taddei Ferretti, S. Chillemi, Neural Circuitry Underlying the Landing Reaction Generation in Musca domestica, in Atti VI Congresso Gruppo Nazionale di Cibernetica e Biofisica del CNR, a cura di F. Rustichelli, Perugia, SIBPA / GNCB, 1981, pp. 150-152.
C. Taddei Ferretti, C. Musio, R. F. Colucci, Top-Down Interference in Visual Perception, in ICANN ’94. Proceedings of the International Conference on Artificial Neural Networks, vol. 1, a cura di M. Marinaro e P. G. Morasso, Berlin, Springer, 1994, pp. 30-33.
C. Taddei Ferretti, C. Musio, S. Santillo, R. Colucci, A. Cotugno, The Top-Down Contribution of Will to the Modulation of Bottom-Up Inputs in the Reversible Perception Phenomenon, in Brain Processes, Theories and Models. An International Conference in Honor of W. S. McCulloch 25 Years After His Death, a cura di R. Moreno-Díaz e J. Mira-Mira, Cambridge (MA), MIT Press, 1996, pp. 446-455.
C. Taddei Ferretti, C. Musio, S. Santillo, A. Cotugno, Conscious and Intentional Access to Unconscious Decision-Making Module in Ambiguous Visual Perception, in Foundations and Tools for Neural Modeling. International Work-Conference on Artificial and Natural Neural Networks, IWANN’99, a cura di J. Mira e J. V. Sánchez-Andrés, Berlin, Springer, 1999, pp. 765-775.
C. Taddei Ferretti, C. Musio, S. Santillo, A. Cotugno, Will. A Vague Idea or a Testable Event?, in No Matter, Never Mind. Proceedings of Toward a Science of Consciousness: Fundamental Approaches (Tokyo ’99), a cura di K. Yasue, M. Jibu e T. Della Senta, Amsterdam-Philadelphia, John Benjamins Publishing Co., 2002, pp. 155-165.
C. Taddei Ferretti, J. Radilova, C. Musio, S. Santillo, E. Cibelli, A. Cotugno, T. Radil, The Effects of Pattern Shape, Subliminal Stimulation, and Voluntary Control on Multistable Visual Perception, in “Brain Research”, 2008, vol. 1225, pp. 163-170, doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2008.04.064.
C. Taddei Ferretti, Intersubjectivity in the Thought of Bernard Lonergan and in Cognitive Science, in Going Beyond Essentialism: Bernard J. F. Lonergan, an Atypical Neo-Scholastic, a cura di C. Taddei Ferretti, Napoli, Istituto Italiano per gli Studi Filosofici, 2012, pp. 191-213.
C. Taddei Ferretti, Tommaso d’Aquino e l’escatologia intermedia. La conoscenza nelle anime separate, Napoli, Istituto Italiano per gli Studi Filosofici, 2013.
C. Taddei Ferretti, A Theology, a Cultural Matrix, a Religion, in Proceedings of the Fourth International Lonergan Workshop, Jerusalem, 2013, a cura di F. Lawrence, in “Divyadaan. Journal of Philosophy & Education”, XXVI (2015), nn. 1-2, pp. 159-172.
C. Taddei Ferretti, Appendice. Il problema del fondamento in Tommaso d’Aquino, Lonergan e Muratore, in Ricerche lonerganiane offerte a Saturnino Muratore, a cura di E. Cibelli e C. Taddei Ferretti, Napoli, Istituto Italiano per gli Studi Filosofici, 2016.
C. Taddei Ferretti, L’essere umano secondo Lonergan e secondo la scienza cognitiva, in Ricerche lonerganiane offerte a Saturnino Muratore, in Ricerche lonerganiane offerte a Saturnino Muratore, a cura di E. Cibelli e C. Taddei Ferretti, Napoli, Istituto Italiano per gli Studi Filosofici, 2016, pp. 283-318.
C. Taddei Ferretti, A. Gini, Mente moralmente potenziata secondo le neuroscienze vs sviluppo morale responsabile secondo Lonergan, in In dialogo con Bernard J. F. Lonergan. Scritti in onore di Rocco Pititto, a cura di G. Guglielmi, Canterano (RM), Aracne, 2018, pp. 225-236.
G. Trautteur, Distinction and Reflection, in Consciousness: Distinction and Reflection, a cura di G. Trautteur, Napoli, Bibliopolis, 1995, pp. 1-17.
G. Trautteur, Self-Referentiality and Reflection, in Downward Processes in the Perception Representation Mechanisms a cura di C. Taddei Ferretti e C. Musio, Singapore, World Scientific Publishing, 1998, pp. 579-582.
A. Trevavas, Plant Behaviour and Intelligence, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2014.
Tommaso d’Aquino, De unitate intellectus contra Averroistas.
Tommaso d’Aquino, Summa Theologiae I, q. 85, a. 2.
Tommaso d’Aquino, Summa contra Gentiles II, c. 19.
Tommaso d’Aquino, Quaestiones disputatae De potentia, q. 4, a. 1, s. c. 7.
Tommaso d’Aquino, Quaestiones disputatae De veritate, q. 1, a. 9 co.
J. Van Cleve, Mind-Dust or Magic? Panpsychism Versus Emergence, in “Philosophical Perspectives”, IV (1990), pp. 215-226.
D. M. Wegner, The Illusion of Conscious Will, Cambridge (MA), MIT Press, 2002.