Strategies for Circular Supplier Selection
A Case Study From The Netherlands
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.13135/2704-9906/9819Keywords:
Circular Economy, Circular Supplier Selection Criteria, Sustainable Supplier Selection, Supplier Selection Criteria, Supply Chain Management, Green Supplier SelectionAbstract
This study explores the development of circular supplier selection criteria within the context of sustainable supply chain management. Recognizing the growing importance of circular economy principles in supply chain operations, the research aims to identify and validate key criteria for selecting suppliers who align with circular economy objectives. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach, the study first conducts a comprehensive literature review to establish a theoretical foundation. It then employs case study analysis and expert interviews to empirically refine and validate the proposed criteria. The findings reveal a set of critical factors including environmental, economic, and social dimensions, essential for circular supplier selection. These criteria are instrumental in guiding organizations towards sustainable and circular supply chain practices, fostering long-term environmental sustainability and economic resilience. The study concludes with implications for supply chain management and recommendations for future research in this evolving field.
References
Ali, H., Zhang, J., & Shoaib, M. (2023). A hybrid approach for sustainable-circular supplier selection based on industry 4.0 framework to make the supply chain smart and eco-friendly. Environment, Development and Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-023-03567-5
Baah, C., Agyabeng-Mensah, Y., Afum, E., & Kumi, C. A. (2023). Do circular economy practices accelerate CSR participation of SMEs in a stakeholder-pressured era? A network theory perspective. Journal of Cleaner Production, 394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.136348
Barney, J. (1991). Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage. Journal of Management, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639101700108
Batista, L., Bourlakis, M., Liu, Y., Smart, P., & Sohal, A. (2018). Supply chain operations for a circular economy. In Production Planning and Control (Vol. 29, Issue 6). https://doi.org/10.1080/09537287.2018.1449267
Bertassini, A. C., Ometto, A. R., Severengiz, S., & Gerolamo, M. C. (2021). Circular economy and sustainability: The role of organizational behaviour in the transition journey. Business Strategy and the Environment, 30(7). https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2796
Bocken, N. M. P., Short, S. W., Rana, P., & Evans, S. (2014). A literature and practice review to develop sustainable business model archetypes. In Journal of Cleaner Production (Vol. 65). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.11.039
Bodhanwala, S., & Bodhanwala, R. (2020). Relationship between sustainable and responsible investing and returns: a global evidence. Social Responsibility Journal, 16(4). https://doi.org/10.1108/SRJ-12-2018-0332
Bodova, E. (2017). Tools of environmental management and EU circular economy. MM Science Journal, 2017(FEBRUARY). https://doi.org/10.17973/MMSJ.2017_02_2016145
Borland, H., & Lindgreen, A. (2013). Sustainability, Epistemology, Ecocentric Business, and Marketing Strategy: Ideology, Reality, and Vision. Journal of Business Ethics, 117(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-012-1519-8
Bundgaard, A. M., Mosgaard, M. A., & Remmen, A. (2017). From energy efficiency towards resource efficiency within the Ecodesign Directive. Journal of Cleaner Production, 144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.12.144
Calicchio Berardi, P., & Peregrino de Brito, R. (2021). Supply chain collaboration for a circular economy - From transition to continuous improvement. Journal of Cleaner Production, 328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.129511
Chai, J., Liu, J. N. K., & Ngai, E. W. T. (2013). Application of decision-making techniques in supplier selection: A systematic review of literature. Expert Systems with Applications, 40(10). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2012.12.040
Chai, J., & Ngai, E. W. T. (2020). Decision-making techniques in supplier selection: Recent accomplishments and what lies ahead. In Expert Systems with Applications (Vol. 140). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2019.112903
Choi, T. Y., & Hartley, J. L. (1996). An exploration of supplier selection practices across the supply chain. Journal of Operations Management, 14(4). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-6963(96)00091-5
Dawadi, S. (2020). Thematic Analysis Approach: A Step by Step Guide for ELT Research Practitioners. Journal of NELTA, 25(1–2). https://doi.org/10.3126/nelta.v25i1-2.49731
De Boer, L., Labro, E., & Morlacchi, P. (2001). A review of methods supporting supplier selection. European Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management, 7(2). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0969-7012(00)00028-9
Dickson, G. W. (1966). An Analysis Of Vendor Selection Systems And Decisions. Journal of Purchasing, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-493x.1966.tb00818.x
Ding, H., Benyoucef, L., & Xie, X. (2008). Simulation-based evolutionary multi-objective optimisation approach for integrated decision-making in supplier selection. International Journal of Computer Applications in Technology, 31(3–4). https://doi.org/10.1504/IJCAT.2008.018153
Dow, D. (2006). Adaptation and performance in foreign markets: Evidence of systematic under-adaptation. Journal of International Business Studies, 37(2). https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400189
Dunning, J. H. (1977). Trade, Location of Economic Activity and the MNE: A Search for an Eclectic Approach. In The International Allocation of Economic Activity. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-03196-2_38
Dunning, J. H. (1988). The Eclectic Paradigm of International Production: A Restatement and Some Possible Extensions. Journal of International Business Studies, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490372
Dyer, W. G., & Wilkins, A. L. (1991). Better Stories, Not Better Constructs, To Generate Better Theory: A Rejoinder to Eisenhardt. Academy of Management Review, 16(3). https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1991.4279492
Edmondson, A. C., & Mcmanus, S. E. (2007). Methodological fit in management field research. Academy of Management Review, 32(4). https://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2007.26586086
Eisenhardt, K. M., & Graebner, M. E. (2007). Theory building from cases: Opportunities and challenges. Academy of Management Journal, 50(1). https://doi.org/10.5465/AMJ.2007.24160888
Eisenhardt, K. M., & Martin, J. A. (2000). Dynamic capabilities: What are they? Strategic Management Journal, 21(10–11). https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0266(200010/11)21:10/11<1105::AID-SMJ133>3.0.CO;2-E
El Barky, S., Wong, A. T. C., & Morssi, M. (2022). Development of sustainable and circular criteria in supplier selection. International Journal of Procurement Management, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.1504/ijpm.2022.10049666
Fahimnia, B., Sarkis, J., & Davarzani, H. (2015). Green supply chain management: A review and bibliometric analysis. In International Journal of Production Economics (Vol. 162). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2015.01.003
Farooque, M., Zhang, A., Liu, Y., & Hartley, J. L. (2022). Circular supply chain management: Performance outcomes and the role of eco-industrial parks in China. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2021.102596
Fonseca, L. M., Domingues, J. P., Pereira, M. T., Martins, F. F., & Zimon, D. (2018). Assessment of circular economy within Portuguese organizations. Sustainability (Switzerland), 10(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/su10072521
Foschi, E. A. S. P. A. (2023). Linking bioeconomy, circular economy, and sustainability: Trends, gaps and future orientation in the bio-based and biodegradable plastics industry. European Journal of Social Impact and Circular Economy, 4(2), 16–31.
Foss, N. J., & Saebi, T. (2017). Fifteen Years of Research on Business Model Innovation. Journal of Management, 43(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206316675927
Freeman, R. E. (1984). Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach. Pitman: London. In Business Ethics Quarterly (Vol. 4, Issue 4).
Freeman, R. E., Harrison, J. S., & Zyglidopoulos, S. (2018). Stakeholder Theory- Concepts and Strategies. Elements in Organization Theory.
Freytag, P. V., & Young, L. (2017). Collaborative research design: Working with business for meaningful findings. In Collaborative Research Design: Working with Business for Meaningful Findings. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5008-4
Geissdoerfer, M., Morioka, S. N., de Carvalho, M. M., & Evans, S. (2018). Business models and supply chains for the circular economy. Journal of Cleaner Production, 190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.04.159
Gölgeci, I., Gligor, D. M., Lacka, E., & Raja, J. Z. (2021). Understanding the influence of servitization on global value chains: a conceptual framework. International Journal of Operations and Production Management, 41(5). https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOPM-08-2020-0515
Govindan, K., & Hasanagic, M. (2018). A systematic review on drivers, barriers, and practices towards circular economy: a supply chain perspective. International Journal of Production Research, 56(1–2). https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2017.1402141
Govindan, K., Khodaverdi, R., & Jafarian, A. (2013). A fuzzy multi criteria approach for measuring sustainability performance of a supplier based on triple bottom line approach. Journal of Cleaner Production, 47, 345–354. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2012.04.014
Govindan, K., Mina, H., Esmaeili, A., & Gholami-Zanjani, S. M. (2020). An Integrated Hybrid Approach for Circular supplier selection and Closed loop Supply Chain Network Design under Uncertainty. Journal of Cleaner Production, 242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118317
Govindan, K., Rajendran, S., Sarkis, J., & Murugesan, P. (2015). Multi criteria decision making approaches for green supplier evaluation and selection: A literature review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.06.046
Grant, R. M. (1991). The Resource-Based Theory of Competitive Advantage: Implications for Strategy Formulation. California Management Review, 33(3). https://doi.org/10.2307/41166664
Greenwood, M. (2007). Stakeholder engagement: Beyond the myth of corporate responsibility. Journal of Business Ethics, 74(4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-007-9509-y
Grimm, J. H., Hofstetter, J. S., & Sarkis, J. (2014). Critical factors for sub-supplier management: A sustainable food supply chains perspective. International Journal of Production Economics, 152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2013.12.011
Hammersley, M. (2015). Sampling and thematic analysis: a response to Fugard and Potts. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 18(6). https://doi.org/10.1080/13645579.2015.1005456
Hart, S. L. (1995). A Natural-Resource-Based View of the Firm. Academy of Management Review, 20(4), 986–1014. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1995.9512280033
Hart, S. L., & Dowell, G. (2010). Invited Editorial: A Natural-Resource-Based View of the Firm: Fifteen Years After. Journal of Management, 37(5).
Idil Gaziulusoy, A. (2015). A critical review of approaches available for design and innovation teams through the perspective of sustainability science and system innovation theories. Journal of Cleaner Production, 107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.01.012
Jacobsen, R., Willeghems, G., Gellynck, X., & Buysse, J. (2018). Increasing the quantity of separated post-consumer plastics for reducing combustible household waste: The case of rigid plastics in Flanders. Waste Management, 78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.06.025
Johanson, J., & Mattsson, L. G. (2015). Internationalisation in Industrial Systems - A Network Approach. In Knowledge, Networks and Power: The Uppsala School of International Business. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137508829_5
Johanson, J., & Vahlne, J. E. (1977). The Internationalization Process of the Firm—A Model of Knowledge Development and Increasing Foreign Market Commitments. Journal of International Business Studies, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490676
Johanson, J., & Vahlne, J. E. (2009). The Uppsala internationalization process model revisited: From liability of foreignness to liability of outsidership. Journal of International Business Studies, 40(9). https://doi.org/10.1057/jibs.2009.24
Josephson, B. W., Johnson, J. L., Mariadoss, B. J., & Cullen, J. (2016). Service Transition Strategies in Manufacturing: Implications for Firm Risk. Journal of Service Research, 19(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/1094670515600422
Kirchherr, J., Reike, D., & Hekkert, M. (2017). Conceptualizing the circular economy: An analysis of 114 definitions. In Resources, Conservation and Recycling (Vol. 127). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.09.005
Knott, E., Rao, A. H., Summers, K., & Teeger, C. (2022). Interviews in the social sciences. Nature Reviews Methods Primers, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s43586-022-00150-6
Kumar, S., Raut, R. D., Nayal, K., Kraus, S., Yadav, V. S., & Narkhede, B. E. (2021). To identify industry 4.0 and circular economy adoption barriers in the agriculture supply chain by using ISM-ANP. Journal of Cleaner Production, 293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126023
Kusi-Sarpong, S., Gupta, H., Khan, S. A., Chiappetta Jabbour, C. J., Rehman, S. T., & Kusi-Sarpong, H. (2023). Sustainable supplier selection based on industry 4.0 initiatives within the context of circular economy implementation in supply chain operations. Production Planning and Control, 34(10). https://doi.org/10.1080/09537287.2021.1980906
Lahane, S., Kant, R., & Shankar, R. (2020). Circular supply chain management: A state-of-art review and future opportunities. In Journal of Cleaner Production (Vol. 258). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120859
Luthra, S., Govindan, K., Kannan, D., Mangla, S. K., & Garg, C. P. (2017). An integrated framework for sustainable supplier selection and evaluation in supply chains. Journal of Cleaner Production, 140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.09.078
Macarthur, E. (2017). What is a Circular Economy? | Ellen MacArthur Foundation. In Ellen Macarthur Foundation.
Mangla, S. K., Kumar, P., & Barua, M. K. (2014). Flexible decision approach for analysing performance of sustainable supply chains under risks/uncertainty. Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management, 15(2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40171-014-0059-8
Marrucci, L., Daddi, T., & Iraldo, F. (2022). The circular economy, environmental performance and environmental management systems: the role of absorptive capacity. Journal of Knowledge Management, 26(8). https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-06-2021-0437
Mazzarano, M. (2021). Criticality assessment of green materials: institutional quality, market concentration and recycling potential. European Journal of Social Impact and Circular Economy, 2(3), 1–14.
Mena, C., Humphries, A., & Choi, T. Y. (2013). Toward a theory of multi-tier supply chain management. Journal of Supply Chain Management, 49(2). https://doi.org/10.1111/jscm.12003
Merriam, S. B. (2009). Dealing with validity, reliability, and ethics. Qualitative Research: A Guide to Design and Implementation.
Münch, C., Benz, L. A., & Hartmann, E. (2022). Exploring the circular economy paradigm: A natural resource-based view on supplier selection criteria. Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management, 28(4). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pursup.2022.100793
Mwaijande, F. (2024). A Bibliometric Analysis of Circular Economy: Policy Implications for Sustainability in Sub-Saharan Africa. European Journal of Social Impact and Circular Economy, 5(1), 1–19.
Nasir, M. H. A., Genovese, A., Acquaye, A. A., Koh, S. C. L., & Yamoah, F. (2017). Comparing linear and circular supply chains: A case study from the construction industry. International Journal of Production Economics, 183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2016.06.008
Niero, M., Hauschild, M. Z., Hoffmeyer, S. B., & Olsen, S. I. (2017). Combining Eco-Efficiency and Eco-Effectiveness for Continuous Loop Beverage Packaging Systems: Lessons from the Carlsberg Circular Community. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 21(3). https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12554
Nowell, L. S., Norris, J. M., White, D. E., & Moules, N. J. (2017). Thematic Analysis: Striving to Meet the Trustworthiness Criteria. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406917733847
Ostrom, A. L., Bitner, M. J., Brown, S. W., Burkhard, K. A., Goul, M., Smith-Daniels, V., Demirkan, H., & Rabinovich, E. (2010). Moving forward and making a difference: Research priorities for the science of service. Journal of Service Research, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/1094670509357611
Palinkas, L. A., Horwitz, S. M., Green, C. A., Wisdom, J. P., Duan, N., & Hoagwood, K. (2015). Purposeful Sampling for Qualitative Data Collection and Analysis in Mixed Method Implementation Research. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 42(5). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-013-0528-y
Peteraf, M. A. (1993). The cornerstones of competitive advantage: A resource‐based view. Strategic Management Journal, 14(3). https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250140303
Pinheiro, H. T., MacDonald, C., Santos, R. G., Ali, R., Bobat, A., Cresswell, B. J., Francini-Filho, R., Freitas, R., Galbraith, G. F., Musembi, P., Phelps, T. A., Quimbayo, J. P., Quiros, T. E. A. L., Shepherd, B., Stefanoudis, P. V., Talma, S., Teixeira, J. B., Woodall, L. C., & Rocha, L. A. (2023). Plastic pollution on the world’s coral reefs. Nature, 619(7969). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06113-5
Piontek, F., Piontek, F. M., Herrmann, C., & Saraev, A. (2021). Steps from Zero Carbon Supply Chains and Demand of Circular Economy to Circular Business Cases. European Journal of Social Impact and Circular Economy, 2(2).
Prosman, E. J., & Sacchi, R. (2016). New environmental supplier selection criteria for circular supply chains: Lessons from a consequential LCA study on waste recovery. Journal of Cleaner Production, 172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.11.134
Rashidi, M. N., Akademia Baru, P., Ara Begum, R., Mokhtar, M., & Pereira, J. J. (2014). The Conduct of Structured Interviews as Research Implementation Method. Journal of Advanced Research Design ISSN, 1(1).
Reay, T., & Whetten, D. A. (2011). What constitutes a theoretical contribution in family business? In Family Business Review (Vol. 24, Issue 2). https://doi.org/10.1177/0894486511406427
Rostamzadeh, R., Govindan, K., Esmaeili, A., & Sabaghi, M. (2015). Application of fuzzy VIKOR for evaluation of green supply chain management practices. Ecological Indicators, 49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.09.045
Samant, S. M., & Sangle, S. (2016). A selected literature review on the changing role of stakeholders as value creators. World Journal of Science, Technology and Sustainable Development, 13(2). https://doi.org/10.1108/wjstsd-01-2016-0002
Saunders, M., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2015). Research Methods for Business Students 7th Edition 2015 (Mark N. K. Saunders , Philip Lewis , Adrian Thornhill). In עלון הנוטע (Vol. 66).
Scarpellini, S. (2021). Social indicators for businesses’ circular economy: multi-faceted analysis of employment as an indicator for sustainability reporting. European Journal of Social Impact and Circular Economy, 2(1), 17–44.
Shakeel, J., Mardani, A., Chofreh, A. G., Goni, F. A., & Klemeš, J. J. (2020). Anatomy of sustainable business model innovation. Journal of Cleaner Production, 261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121201
Shen, L., Olfat, L., Govindan, K., Khodaverdi, R., & Diabat, A. (2013). A fuzzy multi criteria approach for evaluating green supplier’s performance in green supply chain with linguistic preferences. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2012.09.006
Shooshtarian, S., Maqsood, T., Caldera, S., & Ryley, T. (2022). Transformation towards a circular economy in the Australian construction and demolition waste management system. In Sustainable Production and Consumption (Vol. 30). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2021.11.032
Siggelkow, N. (2007). Persuasion with case studies. Academy of Management Journal, 50(1). https://doi.org/10.5465/AMJ.2007.24160882
Silva, N., & Pålsson, H. (2022). Industrial packaging and its impact on sustainability and circular economy: A systematic literature review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.130165
Stake, R. E. (1995). The Art of Case Study Research. Thousand Oaks,. CA: SAGE, CA.
Taghikhah, F., Voinov, A., & Shukla, N. (2019). Extending the supply chain to address sustainability. In Journal of Cleaner Production (Vol. 229). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.05.051
Taherdoost, H., & Brard, A. (2019). Analyzing the Process of Supplier Selection Criteria and Methods. Procedia Manufacturing, 32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2019.02.317
Tallman, S., Luo, Y., & Buckley, P. J. (2018). Business models in global competition. Global Strategy Journal, 8(4). https://doi.org/10.1002/gsj.1165
Tecchio, P., McAlister, C., Mathieux, F., & Ardente, F. (2017). In search of standards to support circularity in product policies: A systematic approach. Journal of Cleaner Production, 168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.05.198
Teece, D. J. (2007). Explicating dynamic capabilities: The nature and microfoundations of (sustainable) enterprise performance. Strategic Management Journal, 28(13). https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.640
Teece, D. J., Pisano, G., & Shuen, A. (1997). Dynamic capabilities and strategic management. Strategic Management Journal, 18(7). https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(199708)18:7<509::AID-SMJ882>3.0.CO;2-Z
Touboulic, A., & Walker, H. (2015). Love me, love me not: A nuanced view on collaboration in sustainable supply chains. Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management, 21(3). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pursup.2015.05.001
Tushar, Z. N., Bari, A. B. M. M., & Khan, M. A. (2022). Circular supplier selection in the construction industry: A sustainability perspective for the emerging economies. Sustainable Manufacturing and Service Economics, 1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smse.2022.100005
Vachon, S., & Klassen, R. D. (2006). Extending green practices across the supply chain: The impact of upstream and downstream integration. International Journal of Operations and Production Management, 26(7). https://doi.org/10.1108/01443570610672248
Vahlne, J. E., & Johanson, J. (2017). From internationalization to evolution: The Uppsala model at 40 years. In Journal of International Business Studies (Vol. 48, Issue 9). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-017-0107-7
Verhoeven, N. (2022). Houvast én flexibiliteit met thematische analyse. KWALON, 27(2). https://doi.org/10.5117/kwa2022.2.013.verh
von Delft, S., Kortmann, S., Gelhard, C., & Pisani, N. (2019). Leveraging global sources of knowledge for business model innovation. Long Range Planning, 52(5). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2018.08.003
Wetzstein, A., Hartmann, E., Benton, W. C., & Hohenstein, N. O. (2016). A systematic assessment of supplier selection literature – State-of-the-art and future scope. In International Journal of Production Economics (Vol. 182). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2016.06.022
Yin, R. K. (2013). Case study research: Design and methods. Applied Social Research Methods Series, 18(2). https://doi.org/10.1097/00001610-199503000-00004
Yurdaanik Eskiyerli, D., & Ewertz, S. (2024). Foreign market entry with circular business models: a customer-centric approach. Frontiers in Sustainability, 5. https://doi.org/10.3389/frsus.2024.1344801
Zimmer, K., Fröhling, M., & Schultmann, F. (2016). Sustainable supplier management - A review of models supporting sustainable supplier selection, monitoring and development. International Journal of Production Research, 54(5). https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2015.1079340
Zou, S., & Cavusgil, S. T. (2002). The GMS: A broad conceptualization of global marketing strategy and its effect on firm performance. Journal of Marketing, 66(4). https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.66.4.40.18519